That would be done in a refinery where raw coal was used to remove silicon and convert carbon within the raw material, found in the form of graphite, to a combination with iron called cementite.
42.
If it is hypereutectoid steel ( more than 0.77 wt % C ) then the structure is full pearlite with small grains ( larger than the pearlite lamella ) of cementite formed on the grain boundaries.
43.
Two methods of tempering are used, called " white tempering " and " black tempering . " The purposes of both tempering methods is to cause the cementite within the ledeburite to decompose, increasing the ductility.
44.
Also, malleable iron and spheroidized steel are different materials-- spheroidized steel is MUCH lower in carbon, and doesn't normally contain silicon ( which is why it contains cementite rather than graphite ).
45.
To perform a full anneal on a steel for example, steel is heated to slightly above the austenitic temperature and held for sufficient time to allow the material to fully form austenite or austenite-cementite grain structure.
46.
Sodium picrate is used as an etchant in metallography to differ preeutectoid ferrite in hypoeutectoid steel from preeutectoid cementite in hypereutectoid steel by etching cementite to a dark colour, whereas not attacking ferrite and thus it remains reflective.
47.
Sodium picrate is used as an etchant in metallography to differ preeutectoid ferrite in hypoeutectoid steel from preeutectoid cementite in hypereutectoid steel by etching cementite to a dark colour, whereas not attacking ferrite and thus it remains reflective.
48.
In spheroidized steel, the cementite network breaks apart and recedes into rods or spherical shaped globules, and the steel becomes softer than annealed steel; nearly as soft as pure iron, making it very easy to machine.
49.
Cooling a mixture of iron with 0.8 % carbon slowly below 723 �C to room temperature results in separate, alternating layers of cementite and ferrite, which is soft and malleable and is called pearlite for its appearance.
50.
Below around 700 �C ( 727 �C in eutectic iron ) the austenite is thermodynamically unstable and, under equilibrium conditions, it will undergo a eutectoid reaction and form pearlite an interleaved mixture of cementite ( Fe 3 C ).
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