Of these genes, " phlD " encodes a type III polyketide synthase, representing the key biosynthetic factor for 2, 4-DAPG production . " PhlD " shows similarity to plant chalcone synthases and has been theorized to originate from horizontal gene transfer.
42.
Through FLIM FRET, it was shown that CHS interacts with chalcone isomerase ( CHI ), a consecutive step enzyme, as well as other non-consecutive step enzymes flavanone 3-hydroxylase ( F3H ), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase ( DFR ), and flavonol synthase I.
43.
While limited enantiomeric excess had been reported by Enders in the early 1990s for the reaction of " n "-butanal with chalcone, conditions for a synthetically useful asymmetric intermolecular Stetter reaction were not reported until 2008 when both the groups of Enders and Rovis published such reactions.
44.
The chalcone synthase gene of " Petunia " plants is famous for being the first gene in which the phenomenon of RNA interference was observed; researchers intending to upregulate the production of pigments in light pink or violet flowers introduced a transgene for chalcone synthase, expecting that both the native gene and the transgene would express the enzyme and result in a more deeply colored flower phenotype.
45.
The chalcone synthase gene of " Petunia " plants is famous for being the first gene in which the phenomenon of RNA interference was observed; researchers intending to upregulate the production of pigments in light pink or violet flowers introduced a transgene for chalcone synthase, expecting that both the native gene and the transgene would express the enzyme and result in a more deeply colored flower phenotype.
46.
"' Figure 1 "': Schematic overview of the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin biosynthesis in plants : Enzymes are indicated in blue, abbreviated as follows : E1, phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL ), E2, tyrosine ammonia lyase ( TAL ), E3, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, E4, 4-coumaroyl : CoA-ligase, E5, chalcone synthase ( naringenin-chalcone synthase ), E6, chalcone isomerase, E7, Flavonoid 3'- hydroxylase, E8, flavonone 3-hydroxylase, E9, dihydroflavanol 4-reductase, E10, anthocyanidin synthase ( leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase ), E11, anthocyanidin reductase.
47.
"' Figure 1 "': Schematic overview of the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin biosynthesis in plants : Enzymes are indicated in blue, abbreviated as follows : E1, phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL ), E2, tyrosine ammonia lyase ( TAL ), E3, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, E4, 4-coumaroyl : CoA-ligase, E5, chalcone synthase ( naringenin-chalcone synthase ), E6, chalcone isomerase, E7, Flavonoid 3'- hydroxylase, E8, flavonone 3-hydroxylase, E9, dihydroflavanol 4-reductase, E10, anthocyanidin synthase ( leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase ), E11, anthocyanidin reductase.
48.
"' Figure 1 "': Schematic overview of the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin biosynthesis in plants : Enzymes are indicated in blue, abbreviated as follows : E1, phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL ), E2, tyrosine ammonia lyase ( TAL ), E3, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, E4, 4-coumaroyl : CoA-ligase, E5, chalcone synthase ( naringenin-chalcone synthase ), E6, chalcone isomerase, E7, Flavonoid 3'- hydroxylase, E8, flavonone 3-hydroxylase, E9, dihydroflavanol 4-reductase, E10, anthocyanidin synthase ( leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase ), E11, anthocyanidin reductase.
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