As a consequence, circular dichroism is exhibited by most biological molecules, because of the dextrorotary ( e . g . some sugars ) and levorotary ( e . g . some amino acids ) molecules they contain.
42.
In fact, a common experimental technique to measure the stability of the protein is to look at the circular dichroism of a protein as a function of temperature . ( See also Protein _ folding # Circular _ dichroism ).
43.
He has written several invited review articles and book chapters for a number of prestigious journals and books including Chemical Reviews, Accounts of Chemical Research, Angewandte and the main textbook in the field of circular dichroism, Comprehensive Chiroptical Spectroscopy.
44.
Other contributions include conversion of serines to cysteines, and was the first to prove experimentally the equation of Forster on dependence of energy transfer on distance, an approach known today as FRET . He also studied the fine structure of these chromophores using circular dichroism.
45.
He initiated the landmark work on the conformation of membrane proteins in 1965, resulting in the publication of two foundational papers ( Lenard, John and Singer, S . J . Protein conformation in cell membrane preparations as studied by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism.
46.
Of these, the two C-terminal ones have been confirmed by circular dichroism . predicts that the C-terminal and N-terminal halves are respectively'ordered'and'disordered'. 11-12 predicted O-glycosylation sites populate the N-terminal half.
47.
Such varying molecular geometries can also be computed, at least in principle, by employing " ab initio " quantum chemistry methods that can attain high accuracy for small molecules, although claims that acceptable accuracy can be also achieved for polynuclelotides, and DNA conformations, were recently made on the basis of vibrational circular dichroism ( VCD ) spectral data.
48.
Methods for analysis of conformation activity relationship vary from " in silico " or using experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography and NMR where the conformation before and after activity can be compared statically or using dynamic methods such as Multi-Parametric Surface Plasmon Resonance, dual polarisation interferometry or circular dichroism where the kinetics as well as degree of conformational change can be quantified.
49.
Silva, R . A . G . D ., Kubelka, J ., Bour, P ., Decatur, S . M ., and Keiderling, T . A . ( 2000 ) " Site-Specific Conformational Determination in Thermal Unfolding Studies of Helical Peptides Using Vibrational Circular Dichroism with Isotopic Substitution, " " The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"
50.
In the 1950s and 1960s Billings was Senior Vice President for research at Baird-Atomic, Inc . in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he contributed to the development of analytical instrumentation for emission spectroscopy, dual-beam, recording infra-red absorption spectrometry, flame photometry, and investigated the potential of circular dichroism as the basis for instrumentation, a technology that Baird-Atomic, Inc . never commercialized.
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