The silver-lead cupellation method was first used in Mesopotamia between 4000 and 3500 BC . Silver artifacts, dating around 3600 BC, were discovered in Naqada, Egypt.
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Small scale cupellation is based on the same principle as the one done in a cupellation hearth; the main difference lies in the amount of material to be tested or obtained.
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Small scale cupellation is based on the same principle as the one done in a cupellation hearth; the main difference lies in the amount of material to be tested or obtained.
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By the Renaissance the use of the cupellation processes was diverse : assay of ores from the mines, testing the amount of silver in jewels or coins or for experimental purposes.
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The BBOC was developed by BRM personnel as a way of reducing these and other problems, such as low energy efficiency and low oxygen utilization, associated with the reverberatory cupellation process.
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In January 1993, the management team of Rand Refinery decided to review alternate technologies to replace the TBRC reverberatory furnace circuit, with the objective of having cupellation undertaken in a single stage.
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In England, Peale studied the method of assaying via the humid process at Percival N . Johnson's refinery, and in 1835 introduced it to the Philadelphia Mint, replacing assaying by cupellation.
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The assays were made in the cupellation or assay furnace, which needs to have windows and bellows to ascertain that the air oxidises the lead, as well as to be sure and prepared to take away the cupel when the process is over.
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By injecting the oxygen directly into the bath, rather than blowing it on top ( as in the case of the reverberatory cupellation furnace or top-blown rotary converters ), the oxygen transfer efficiency is not impeded by the presence of the slag layer.
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"' Cupellation "'is a refining process in metallurgy, where ores or alloyed metals are treated under very high temperatures and have controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver, from base metals like lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony or bismuth, present in the ore.
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