41. Such bonds occur between two atoms with moderately different electronegativities and give rise to dipole-dipole interactions. 42. The electronegativity difference between the two atoms in these bonds is 0.3 to 1.7. 43. Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity . 44. Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d-block contraction. 45. The above cases seem to demonstrate that the size of the chlorine is less important than its electronegativity . 46. Bonds to fluorine have considerable ionic character, a result of its small atomic radius and large electronegativity . 47. See also the elements'electronegativity difference for a ( perhaps outdated ) way to determine bonding types. 48. In more complex compounds, there is additional error since electronegativity depends on the molecular environment of an atom. 49. Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity . 50. This absorption is strengthened because these bonds are highly polar due to the extreme electronegativity of the fluorine atom.
