A later approach was the historical viewpoint of Franz Boas which refuted environmental determinism, claiming that it is not nature, but specifics of history, that shape human cultures.
42.
Under the influence of the sociologist Gabriel Tarde, Lacassagne placed the main emphasis on environmental influence, although the environmental determinism did not exclude, from his viewpoint, hereditary matters nor physical anomalies.
43.
An adherent of environmental determinism was the medieval Afro-Arab writer al-Jahiz ( 776 869 ), who explained how the environment can determine the physical characteristics of the inhabitants of a certain community.
44.
Ellen Churchill Semple, a prominent environmental determinism scholar, applied her theories in a case study which focused on the Philippines, where she mapped civilization and wildness onto the topography of the islands.
45.
By using variables to measure environmental determinism, such as climate, land composition, latitude, and the presence of infectious disease, they account for trends in worldwide economic development on local, regional and global scales.
46.
Taking his inspiration from Buckle, Pogor leaned toward environmental determinism as an explanation of historical processes . " Warmer " areas, he claimed, were predisposed to despotism, no matter how advanced there were materially.
47.
As Sheldon Fellow, Jones sought to revitalize the concept of environmental determinism, the idea that plants, animals, and people as well as human culture and language all evolve from their landscape, or physical environment.
48.
This view was shaped by the leading Western worldview of the time and the desire for Sociology to establish itself as an independent discipline against the then popular racist-biological environmental determinism where environment was all.
49.
Taylor was a strong exponent of the controversial concept of environmental determinism with the view that " physical environment determines culture . " In 1927, he became the first President of the Geographical Society of New South Wales.
50.
The close association with environmental determinism and the freezing of political boundaries during the Cold War led to a considerable decline in the importance of political geography which was described by Brian Berry in 1968 as'a moribund backwater '.
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