The Northern dialect is characterized by its extensive use of epenthetic vowels, which have achieved phonemic status, resulting in what looks superficially like vowel harmony; the loss of the initial'n'of nouns, except in monosyllabic nouns ( this n being a reflex of the common Austronesian article na, fused to the nouns in Sakao ); and the diphthonguization of some word-final vowels
42.
Note : the common spelling often appears with an " a " after the double nn of " Dh�nnchaidh ", but this is not correct ( though it does reflect the Gaelic insertion of an epenthetic vowel in pronunciation ) . " Cf . " the anglicised surname MacConnochie ( and variants ) . " MacDh�nnchaidh " and derivatives are usually used on the mainland, " Robasdan " and derivatives on the islands.
43.
Some early sources also attest to an even shorter form " Bulin ", based on the Greek word " Poli ( n ) " alone without the preceding article . ( This latter form lives on in modern Armenian . ) The word-initial " i-" arose in the Turkish name as an epenthetic vowel to break up the " St-" consonant cluster, prohibited in Turkish phonotactics.
44.
Words spelled as a single consonant are usually pronounced as that consonant plus a " very short ee " before a vowel, and as that consonant + schwa otherwise . ( This epenthetic vowel parallels the pronunciation of " e " in the English word " the " . ) The suffixes "-r " ( agent ) and "-z " ( plural ) are pronounced with a preceding schwa when they follow a consonant.
45.
There are some complications to this : if the following vowel is / a /, with no ATR quality for the epenthetic vowel to match, then the epenthetic vowel will be / i / or / u / depending on, apparently, whether the following consonant is coronal or velar, and if the tone of the following syllable ( whether CV or CVV ) is complex ( rising or falling ), then the first element of that tone will move to the epenthetic vowel.
46.
There are some complications to this : if the following vowel is / a /, with no ATR quality for the epenthetic vowel to match, then the epenthetic vowel will be / i / or / u / depending on, apparently, whether the following consonant is coronal or velar, and if the tone of the following syllable ( whether CV or CVV ) is complex ( rising or falling ), then the first element of that tone will move to the epenthetic vowel.
47.
There are some complications to this : if the following vowel is / a /, with no ATR quality for the epenthetic vowel to match, then the epenthetic vowel will be / i / or / u / depending on, apparently, whether the following consonant is coronal or velar, and if the tone of the following syllable ( whether CV or CVV ) is complex ( rising or falling ), then the first element of that tone will move to the epenthetic vowel.
48.
However, in compounds of lexical words Zamenhof inserted an epenthetic vowel between obstruents with different voicing, as in " rozokolora " ('pink'), never " * rozkolora ", and " longatempe ", never " * longtempe " as with some later writers; mixed voicing only occurred with grammatical forms . " V " behaves as a sonorant when it occurs after another consonant, and even Slavs readily distinguish Zamenhofian " kv " from " gv " . " V " is also never found in coda position in Zamenhof's writing, because that would force it to contrast with " m ".
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