:If " e i, t " is the residual from an OLS regression with fixed effects for each panel " i ", associated with the observation in panel " i " at time " t ", then the test statistic is
42.
They introduce a new approach to adjustment for inter-study variability by incorporating the contribution of variance due to a relevant component ( quality ) in addition to the contribution of variance due to random error that is used in any fixed effects meta-analysis model to generate weights for each study.
43.
Most importantly, the fixed effects model assumes that all included studies investigate the same population, use the same variable and outcome definitions, etc . This assumption is typically unrealistic as research is often prone to several sources of heterogeneity; e . g . treatment effects may differ according to locale, dosage levels, study conditions, . ..
44.
However, in another test of a factor with 15 levels, they found a reasonable match to \ chi ^ 2 ( 18 ) & ndash; 4 more degrees of freedom than the 14 that one would get from a na�ve ( inappropriate ) application of Wilks theorem, " "'and " "'the simulated p-value was several times the na�ve \ chi ^ 2 ( 14 ) . They conclude that for testing fixed effects, it s wise to use simulation . ( And they provided a simulate . lme function in their nlme package for S-PLUS and R to support doing that .)
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