Current views vary on whether all languages have a verb phrase; some schools of generative grammar ( such as Principles and Parameters ) hold that all languages have a verb phrase, while others ( such as Lexical Functional Grammar ) take the view that at least some languages lack a verb phrase constituent, including those languages with a very free word order ( the so-called non-configurational languages, such as Japanese, Hungarian, or Australian aboriginal languages ), and some languages with a default VSO order ( several Celtic and Oceanic languages ).
42.
The rated list of grammatical items in Rivlin s work could be a most valuable aid for anyone wishing to recast the grammar syllabus of a school, or to decide which structures teachers must keep in mind to teach by non-terminological devices . ( There is , comments Rivlin, no objective evidence to prove that functional grammar does influence the pupil s ability to read and write correct English . ) The relatively small number of items rated as important is an indication of the economies which could be effected in classroom teaching even by those teachers who would retain formal grammar.
43.
Faith in grammar as a mental discipline never entirely vanished; it became absorbed by and linked with the advocacy of the study of formal grammar as a pure science , as when the Board of Education in 1921 recommended the study of not English Grammar, but pure or functional grammar, including the elements of phonetics, analysis, and a little parsing . The confusion of the terms pure and functional is not entirely resolved in the report of the Board . Pure would seem to represent the grammar common to a certain limited number of European languages; functional has no clear sense in the context, although it became important as a label intended to describe the later developments of grammatical teaching here and in America.
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