41. A secondary suggestion has also been made, noting the occasional advantage of horizontal gene transfer . 42. Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages. 43. In prokaryotes it's essential to consider horizontal gene transfer when searching for gene sequence homology. 44. Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. 45. This actually also happens, though very rarely in higher organisms ( see horizontal gene transfer ). 46. Would horizontal gene transfer be considered a mutation for the organism that receives the transferred gene? 47. A recent acquisition by horizontal gene transfer would be unlikely to have integrated itself to this degree. 48. Gene transfers are also done through " vehicles " or more appropriately called vectors in medical jargon.49. Factors affecting porcine sperm mediated gene transfer . 50. Monarch butterflies and silkworms ) have been genetically modified by horizontal gene transfer from the wasp bracovirus.
