The first laser diode to achieve " continuous wave " operation was a double heterostructure demonstrated in 1970 essentially simultaneously by Zhores Alferov and collaborators ( including Dmitri Z . Garbuzov ) of the Soviet Union, and Morton Panish and Izuo Hayashi working in the United States.
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Lattice constants of atomic crystals are of the order of 1?while those of superlattices ( " a " ) are several hundreds or thousands larger as dictated by technological limits ( e . g . electron-beam lithography used for the patterning of the heterostructure surface ).
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The alternating layers of the two different semiconductors which form the quantum heterostructure may be grown on to a substrate using a variety of methods such as molecular beam epitaxy ( MBE ) or metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy ( MOVPE ), also known as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition ( MOCVD ).
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In addition, the IEEE ( Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ), the world's largest technical professional organization, named Capasso the recipient of the 2004 IEEE Edison Medal with the following citation, " For a career of highly creative and influential contributions to heterostructure devices and materials ."
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If the width of the intrinsic region is reduced to the order of the de Broglie wavelength, the energies in the intrinsic region no longer become continuous but become discrete . ( Actually, they are not continuous but the energy levels are very close together so we think of them as being continuous . ) In this situation the double heterostructure becomes a quantum well.
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After the work on double heterostructure lasers Panish continued to demonstrate variants of the laser structures with other collaborators in work done through the late 1970s, but the major thrust of his work for the rest of his career ( until 1992 ) was to exploit the new opportunities presented by the use of lattice matched semiconductor heterostructures for other devices ( detectors, transistors ) and for the study of the physics of small layered structures.
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