41. By about 15, 000 years ago, " Equus ferus " was a widespread holarctic species. 42. Like the wolf, it is distributed throughout the majority of the Holarctic , but it has avoided extirpation. 43. They have a disjunct distribution, being found in both the Holarctic and southern Neotropical regions ( Chile ). 44. Ctenopelmatinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Symphyta and, more rarely, Lepidoptera; Most species have a Holarctic distribution. 45. Once widespread across the Holarctic , it has disappeared from many areas which are now more heavily populated by humans. 46. One consists of Holarctic species with black / white colouration and is probably closely related to crows and Eurasian jays. 47. Unlike the Holarctic treecreepers they do not use their tail for support when climbing tree trunks, only their feet. 48. It consists of two subgenera, the holarctic " Chionea " and palaearctic " Sphaeconophilus ". 49. Onagraceae and Rosaceae ( mainly " Rubus " ) are the dominant host plant families for Holarctic species. 50. Most of its roughly 50 species occur across the Holarctic ; from Europe alone, 10 species have been recorded.
