And if there had been inadequate immobilisation in the early weeks leading to fibrous repair, or poor nutrition during the longer window, the site could well remain more than usually vulnerable to rebreakage due to scurvy .-renjc 18 : 00, 6 October 2012 ( UTC)
42.
In ecotoxicology " D . magna " is specified to be used in the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Tests No . 202 " " Daphnia " sp ., Acute Immobilisation Test ", and Test No . 211 " " Daphnia magna"
43.
Among the winners were many prominent Russian scientists : the founder of field surgery and inventor of the plaster immobilisation method in treatment of fractures, Nikolai Pirogov; the seafarer and geographer Adam Johann von Krusenstern; the creator of the periodic table of elements, Dmitri Mendeleev; the inventor of the electric engine, Boris Yakobi; and many others.
44.
These include : leaching of agrochemicals, deposition of heavy metals, disposal of waste ( agricultural, domestic and industrial ), degradation of soil structure ( through loss of soil organic matter, salinisation and subsoil compaction ), risk of erosion ( by water and wind ), immobilisation of radionuclides, supply of water at catchment level, assessing the suitability ( and sustainability ) for traditional and alternative crops, and estimation of soil stability.
45.
Magnetotactic bacterial magnetite crystals have been used in studies of magnetic domain analysis and in many commercial applications including : the immobilisation of enzymes; the formation of magnetic antibodies, and the quantification of IgG; the detection and removal of Escherichia coli cells with a fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated monoclonal antibody, immobilised on magnetotactic bacterial magnetite particles; and the introduction of genes into cells, a technology in which magnetosomes are coated with DNA and " shot " using a particle gun into cells that are difficult to transform using more standard methods.
46.
Another form of immobilisation is when nutrients are locked up in organic matter that is slow to decay, such as wood, and some mycorrhizal fungi act directly as decay organisms, mobilising the nutrients and passing some onto the host plants; for example, in some dystrophic forests, large amounts of phosphate and other nutrients are taken up by mycorrhizal hyphae acting directly on leaf litter, bypassing the need for soil uptake . " Inga alley cropping ", proposed as an alternative to slash and burn rainforest destruction, relies upon mycorrhiza within the Inga Tree root system to prevent the rain from washing phosphorus out of the soil.
47.
For instance, social isolation decreases lifespan in the fruit fly; promotes obesity and Type 2 diabetes in mice; exacerbates infarct size and oedema and decreases post-stroke survival rate following experimentally induced stroke in mice; promotes activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary response to an acute immobilisation or cold stressor in rats; delays the effects of exercise on adult neurogenesis in rats; decreases open field activity, increases basal cortisol concentrations, and decreases lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens in pigs; increases the 24 hr urinary catecholamines levels and evidence of oxidative stress in the aortic arch of rabbits; and decreases the expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid response in the frontal cortex of piglets.
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