Substituents can generally be divided into two classes regarding electrophilic substitution : activating and deactivating towards the aromatic ring . "'Activating substituents "'or activating groups stabilize the cationic intermediate formed during the substitution by donating electrons into the ring system, by either inductive effect or resonance effects.
42.
The mesomeric effect as a result of " p "-orbital overlap ( resonance ) has absolutely no effect on this inductive effect, as the inductive effect has purely to do with the electronegativity of the atoms and their topology in the molecule ( which atoms are connected to which ).
43.
The mesomeric effect as a result of " p "-orbital overlap ( resonance ) has absolutely no effect on this inductive effect, as the inductive effect has purely to do with the electronegativity of the atoms and their topology in the molecule ( which atoms are connected to which ).
44.
And of course, the further away the two groups are from each other, the weaker the inductive effect, so it's why the para-diphenol would have the highest pka's of all the diphenols, while the meta-diol would barely see any mesomeric effect and mostly see the inductive effect.
45.
And of course, the further away the two groups are from each other, the weaker the inductive effect, so it's why the para-diphenol would have the highest pka's of all the diphenols, while the meta-diol would barely see any mesomeric effect and mostly see the inductive effect.
46.
For example, current flowing in the antenna creates a purely magnetic component in the near field, which then collapses as the antenna current begins to reverse, causing transfer of the field's magnetic energy back to electrons in the antenna as the changing magnetic field causes a self-inductive effect on the antenna that generated it.
47.
Where \ log \ frac { k _ s } { k _ \ ce { CH3 } } is the ratio of the rate of the substituted reaction compared to the reference reaction, ? * is the polar substituent constant that describes the field and inductive effects of the substituent, E s is the steric substituent constant, ? * is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to polar effects, and ? is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to steric effects.
48.
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