In 1940, Pauli proved the " spin-statistics theorem ", which states that fermions have half-integer spin and bosons have integer spin.
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However, in relativistic quantum field theory, the spin statistics theorem shows that half-integer spin particles cannot be bosons and integer spin particles cannot be fermions.
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However, in relativistic quantum field theory, the spin statistics theorem shows that half-integer spin particles cannot be bosons and integer spin particles cannot be fermions.
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More precisely, because of the relation between spin and statistics, a particle containing an even number of fermions is a boson, since it has integer spin.
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For each neutrino, there also exists a corresponding antiparticle, called an " antineutrino ", which also has half-integer spin and no electric charge.
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The scheme also extends to half-integer spins, = in which case the Kronecker product of with the Dirac spinor, ?", has to be considered.
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All known elementary and composite particles are bosons or fermions, depending on their spin : particles with half-integer spin are fermions; particles with integer spin are bosons.
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All known elementary and composite particles are bosons or fermions, depending on their spin : particles with half-integer spin are fermions; particles with integer spin are bosons.
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Integer spin particles do not change the sign of their wave function upon a 360 degree rotation therefore the sign of the wave function of the entire system does not change.
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Even-mass-number nuclides, which comprise 153 / 254 = ~ 60 % of all stable nuclides, are bosons, i . e . they have integer spin.
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