Around that boundary, if the boat has a screw propeller, however much one turns it, the energy would merely stir up the water on the boundary, and expended all on creating internal waves, resulting in the boat not moving.
42.
Internal waves are the source of a curious phenomenon called "'dead water "', first reported in 1893 by the Norwegian oceanographer Fridtjof Nansen, in which a boat may experience strong resistance to forward motion in apparently calm conditions.
43.
Under the action of wind-induced internal waves, " P . rubescens " can be moved vertically by several meters following the movements of the metalimnion, which in turn modifies rapidly ( within a day ) the light conditions experienced by the filaments.
44.
The structure and dispersion relation of internal waves in a uniformly stratified fluid is found through the solution of the linearized conservation of mass, momentum, and internal energy equations assuming the fluid is incompressible and the background density varies by a small amount ( the Boussinesq approximation ).
45.
His research contribution includes compressible fluid flow, free-streamline theory of cavities, jets and wakes, water waves and free-surface flows, mechanics of fish swimming and bird / insect flight, wind and ocean-current energy, and internal waves in the ocean.
46.
In a similar way, a "'surface nepheloid layer "'may be created, due to particle flotation, while "'intermediate nepheloid layers "'may be formed at the slopes of the ocean bed due to the dynamics of internal waves.
47.
Current areas of marine research at the Liquid Jungle include plankton community dynamics and marine larval ecology and transport, modeling internal waves and benthic structure, coral community architecture and diversity, synoptic chemical mapping, invasive sessile invertebrate species, mangrove and estuarine watersheds, and the effects of natural and anthropogenic nutrient input on primary production and fisheries along Pacific coastal zones.
48.
The later SPURVS were utilized on 1-2 cruises per year by Terry Ewart and the Applied Physics Lab's Ocean Physics Department Engineers and Research Scientists, conducting about 20 month-long cruises in total to study small scale ocean variability including internal wave and fine-structure data, point source release dye diffusion at 1000 meters, and oceanographic data for acoustic transmission experiments.
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