41. The hardness of water may be altered or treated by using a chemical ion exchange system. 42. The slowness of the metal ion exchange enables certain experiments that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. 43. The chemicals, called ion exchange resins, are used by the petroleum, sugar and pharmaceutical industries, among others. 44. Chemical treatments include ion exchange and coagulation. 45. These displacers have been employed for a wide variety of high resolution separations in ion exchange systems. 46. Condensate polishing typically involves ion exchange technology for the removal of trace dissolved minerals and suspended matter. 47. Urine from victims was treated with ion exchange resin to compact the waste for ease of storage. 48. This is in contrast to ion exchange softening where sodium is exchanged for calcium and magnesium ions. 49. Ytterbium is separated from other rare earths either by ion exchange or by reduction with sodium amalgam. 50. Another application for ion exchange in domestic water treatment is the removal of nitrate and natural organic matter.
