Also, multiple scattering events are very likely which complicates analysis . "'Importantly "', due to the lower energy ions used LEIS is typically characterized by "'large interaction cross-sections "'and shadow cone radii.
42.
Thus after a first look at reciprocal lattice ( kinematic scattering ) effects, beam broadening and multiple scattering ( i . e . dynamical ) effects may be important to consider as well.
43.
Factors such as multiple scattering, and ion beam induced damage must be taken into account before obtaining the data because these processes can affect the data interpretation, quantification and the accuracy of the study.
44.
Theory however shows that for multiple scattering in amplifying random media " Anderson " localization of light does not occur at all even though the calculation of interferences are essential to prove that fact.
45.
With multiple scattering, the randomness of the interaction tends to be averaged out by the large number of scattering events, so that the final path of the radiation appears to be a deterministic distribution of intensity.
46.
The photelectron scattering amplitude in the low energy range ( 5-200 eV ) of the photoelectron kinetic energy become much larger so that multiple scattering events become dominant in the NEXAFS ( or XANES ) spectra.
47.
The Bethe Heitler spectrum for multiple scattering induced radiation assumes that the scatterings are independent, the quantum interference between successive scatterings caused by the LPM effect leads to suppression of the radiation spectrum relative to that predicted by Bethe Heitler.
48.
Observationally, the linear polarization fraction p ~ 0.015 from a single scattering; circular polarization from multiple scattering goes as p ^ { 2 }, so we expect a circularly polarized fraction of q \ sim 2 \ times 10 ^ {-4 }.
49.
The electrons are often fired at gold foil because gold has a high atomic number ( Z ), is non-reactive ( does not form an oxide layer ), and can be easily made into a thin film ( reducing multiple scattering ).
50.
Which means that for high energy the wavelength is shorter than interatomic distances and hence the EXAFS region corresponds to a single scattering regime; while for lower E, \ lambda is larger than interatomic distances and the XANES region is associated with a multiple scattering regime.
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