Early studies focused on using the cooling ages in detrital zircon from stratigraphic sequences to document the timing and rate of erosion of rocks in adjacent orogenic belts ( mountain ranges ).
42.
These three orogenic belts ( also called " orogens " ) arose due to the engagement of tectonic plates which deformed the Earth's lithosphere ( crust and uppermost mantle ).
43.
In contrast to epeirogenic movement, orogenic belts that are characterized by " the folding and faulting of layers of rock, by the intrusion of magma, and by volcanism ".
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When siliceous oozes are incorporated into orogenic belts associated with subduction zones, they are also altered by diagenesis, and lithified to form chert, i . e . radiolarian chert.
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The Trans-Saharan orogenic belt which lies along the eastern margin of the West African craton is generally thought to have been caused by the collision between that craton and the Tuareg shield.
46.
The Neoproterozoic Pan-African Orogenic Belt, however, was accreted during the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and some rocks from eastern Africa, Madagascar, and Antarctica are associated with this event.
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Tectonically, the field is located within the Tarvagatay terrane which formed 3, 000-200 mya ago and between 1, 000 and 250 mya was accreted into the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.
48.
The word craton was first proposed by the Austrian geologist Leopold Kober in 1921 as, referring to stable continental platforms, and " orogen " as a term for mountain or orogenic belts.
49.
The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the boundary between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya Mountains, as sediment bunched up like earth before a plow.
50.
The ancient Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts of the S�o Francisco Craton contain many economically important minerals, particularly those containing iron and gold, and are a major source of income for the mining industry in Brazil.
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