The work in Morgan's lab with " Drosphila " also undermined the concept of orthogenesis by demonstrating the random nature of mutation.
42.
Beecher was a leading proponent of Neo-Lamarckism ( epitomized by Edward Drinker Cope and Alpheus Hyatt ) and also argued for orthogenesis and racial senescence.
43.
Scientists such as Metcalf ( 1914 ), Jordan ( 1920 ) and Lipman ( 1922 ) claimed evidence for orthogenesis in bacteria, fish populations and plants.
44.
At that time the specific evolutionary mechanism which Darwin provided of natural selection was actively disputed by scientists in favour of alternative theories such as Lamarckism and orthogenesis.
45.
Orthogenesis had a significant following in the 19th century, and its proponents included the Russian biologist Leo S . Berg, and Henry Fairfield Osborn, an American paleontologist.
46.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, variations of Lamarckism, orthogenesis ('progressive'evolution ), and saltationism ( evolution by jumps ) were discussed as alternatives.
47.
Thus, there is an increasing amount of evidence pointing to the idea that sexual selection was the driving force behind the large antlers, rather than orthogenesis or natural selection.
48.
There was still unease about the implications of natural selection, and those seeking a purpose or direction in evolution turned to neo-Lamarckism or orthogenesis as providing natural explanations.
49.
Mutationism ( saltationism ), along with Lamarckism and orthogenesis, are presented as anti-Darwinian " blind alleys " separate from the main line leading from Darwin to the present.
50.
After studying butterfly coloration Theodor Eimer published a widely read book on orthogenesis titled " On Orthogenesis : And the Impotence of Natural Selection in Species Formation " ( 1898 ).
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