Other provisions of the settlements include coverage for obesity treatment, discounted laser eye surgery, coverage for reproductive and fertility treatment, adoption reimbursement, increased reimbursement for dental care and a bilingual pay differential of 3.5 percent for workers in jobs that require more than one language.
42.
The "'Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings ( ASHE ) "'is a dataset from an annual survey of approximately 50, 000 businesses by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) and covers annual earnings, public and private sector pay differential and the gender pay gap.
43.
Without necessarily receiving great remuneration ( pay differentials under Zhivkov were within the 5 : 1 range, with the overwhelming majority of salaries being within the 3 : 1 range ), Party members and CSS informers received very significant perquisites which involved access to accommodation, luxury imported goods, hard currency, the ability to travel abroad, superior medical and dental treatment and unhindered entry to higher education for their children.
44.
For instance, regarding Sowell's theory that women are underrepresented in fields such as law and engineering because of the heavy responsibilities of marriage ( such as childrearing and other household work ), Wilson wrote : " A plausible alternative to Mr . Sowell's hypothesis on women's pay differentials and occupational segregation is that women are virtually excluded from many desirable positions and therefore crowd into obtainable occupations ."
45.
The EEOC's four affirmative defenses allows unequal pay for equal work when the wages are set " pursuant to ( i ) a seniority system; ( ii ) a merit system; ( iii ) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or ( iv ) . . . any other factor other than sex . " A pay differential due to one of these factors is not in breach of the Convention.
46.
The corporate cost advantage is nothing more sophisticated than access to cheaper workers, but because the pay of those workers goes farther in low-income countries than high, the relative pay differentials ( inter-country ) can be sustained for longer than would be the case otherwise . ( This is another way of saying that the wage rate is based on average local productivity and that this is below the per capita productivity that factories selling tradable goods to international markets can achieve . ) An equivalent cost benefit comes from non-traded goods that can be sourced locally ( nearer the PPP-exchange rate than the nominal exchange rate in which receipts are paid ).
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