Dividing his material by centuries, Biner treats of the various species of law, of the history of the church councils, of the political and religious vicissitudes of the various nations, of treaties and concordats, etc . Interspersed in the work are many valuable excursuses on Jansenism, Probabilism, Public Penance, Origin of Imperial Electors, etc . However the work is rendered less valuable for students by a nonsystematic arrangement of material and the want of an index.
42.
In interpreting her own laws the Church applies the principles of probabilism, what is true of the Church is equally true of other legislators, because God is not a more exacting Legislator than His Church, nor is the State to be presumed more strict than God and the Church . �quiprobabilists reply to this argument that when the less safe opinion is certainly less probable than the safe opinion, the former has lost solid probability and consequently cannot, so far as conscience is concerned, obtain the privileges which the Divine Legislator, the Church, and the State concede in the case of really doubtful laws.
43.
There was a particularly strong interest starting in the 12th century, with the work of the Scholastics, with the invention of the half-proof ( so that two half-proofs are sufficient to prove guilt ), the elucidation of moral certainty ( sufficient certainty to act upon, but short of absolute certainty ), the development of Catholic probabilism ( the idea that it is always safe to follow the established rules of doctrine or the opinion of experts, even when they are less probable ), the case-based reasoning of casuistry, and the scandal of Laxism ( whereby probabilism was used to give support to almost any statement at all, it being possible to find an expert opinion in support of almost any proposition . ).
44.
There was a particularly strong interest starting in the 12th century, with the work of the Scholastics, with the invention of the half-proof ( so that two half-proofs are sufficient to prove guilt ), the elucidation of moral certainty ( sufficient certainty to act upon, but short of absolute certainty ), the development of Catholic probabilism ( the idea that it is always safe to follow the established rules of doctrine or the opinion of experts, even when they are less probable ), the case-based reasoning of casuistry, and the scandal of Laxism ( whereby probabilism was used to give support to almost any statement at all, it being possible to find an expert opinion in support of almost any proposition . ).
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