In skeletal muscle, MCT1 is found in the membranes of the sarcolemma, Because of the mitochondrial localization of MCT ( to transport lactate into the mitochondria ), LDH ( to oxidize the lactate back to pyruvate ), and COX ( cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal element of the electron transport chain ), Brooks et al . proposed the possibility of a mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex in 2006.
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Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins ( synaptotagmin ) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft . In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine ( ACh ), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( nAChRs ) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma . nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels.
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The steps of this process in vertebrates occur as follows : ( ` ) The action potential reaches the axon terminal . ( 2 ) Voltage-dependent calcium gates open, allowing calcium to enter the axon terminal . ( 3 ) Neurotransmitter vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and acetylcholine ( ACh ) is released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis . ( 4 ) ACh binds to postsynaptic receptors on the sarcolemma . ( 5 ) This binding causes ion channels to open and allows sodium ions to flow across the membrane into the muscle cell . ( 6 ) The flow of sodium ions across the membrane into the muscle cell generates an action potential which travels to the myofibril and results in muscle contraction.
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