Biologists Richard Lewontin and Steven Rose, and psychologist Leon Kamin observed in " Not in Our Genes " ( 1984 ) that, like some other sociobiologists, Symons maintains that " the manifest trait is not itself coded by genes, but that a potential is coded and the trait only arises when the appropriate environmental cue is given . " In their view, " Despite its superficial appearance of dependence on environment, this model is completely genetically determined, independent of the environment . " They concluded that Symons'arguments provide examples " of how sociobiological theory can explain anything, no matter how contradictory, by a little mental gymnastics ".
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Edward H . Hagen writes in " The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology " that sociobiology is, despite the public controversy regarding the applications to humans, " one of the scientific triumphs of the twentieth century . " " Sociobiology is now part of the core research and curriculum of virtually all biology departments, and it is a foundation of the work of almost all field biologists " Sociobiological research on nonhuman organisms has increased dramatically and appears continuously in the world's top scientific journals such as " Science " . The more general term behavioral ecology is commonly used as substitute for the term sociobiology in order to avoid the public controversy.
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