The then-conventional use of a single detector rotated about an illuminated sample with intensities collected at specific angles was called " differential light scattering " after the quantum mechanical term " differential cross section ", " ? ( ? ) " expressed in milli-barns / steradian.
42.
The steradian, like the radian, is a dimensionless unit, essentially because a solid angle is the ratio between the area subtended and the square of its distance from the vertex : both the numerator and denominator of this ratio have dimension length squared ( i . e . L / L = 1, dimensionless ).
43.
However, I have a question : in the example of the sphere, shouldn't radiation be reflected over just less than 2 \ pi steradians ( instead of 4 \ pi ), because only half of the sphere is facing the radar emitter ?-- Bowlhover 01 : 21, 18 September 2006 ( UTC)
44.
The entire sky is 4? steradians, or 4? ?( 180 / ? ) ?H " 41, 253.0 square degrees, of which about 30, 000 square degrees are visible from Hawaii, which means that the entire sky can be imaged in a period of 40 hours ( or about 10 hours per night on four days ).
45.
The lumen is defined as amount of light given into one steradian by a point source of one candela strength; while the candela, a base SI unit, is defined as the luminous intensity of a source of monochromatic radiation, of frequency 540 terahertz, and a radiant intensity of 1 / 683 watts per steradian . ( 540 THz corresponds to about 555 nanometres, the wavelength, in the green, to which the human eye is most sensitive.
46.
The lumen is defined as amount of light given into one steradian by a point source of one candela strength; while the candela, a base SI unit, is defined as the luminous intensity of a source of monochromatic radiation, of frequency 540 terahertz, and a radiant intensity of 1 / 683 watts per steradian . ( 540 THz corresponds to about 555 nanometres, the wavelength, in the green, to which the human eye is most sensitive.
47.
Such detectors are called " seals; the name " 4? detector " comes from the fact that such detectors are designed to cover nearly all of the 4? steradians of solid angle around the interaction point; in terms of the standard coordinate system used in collider physics, this is equivalent to coverage of the entire range of azimuthal angle (-\ pi \ leq \ phi \ leq \ pi ) and pseudorapidity ( | \ eta | \ geq 0 ).
48.
Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W / m 2 by the size of the sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian . ( However, the radiance at the centre of the sun's disk is somewhat higher than the average over the whole disk due to limb darkening . ) Multiplying this by ? gives an upper limit to the irradiance which can be focused on a surface using mirrors : 48.5 MW / m 2.
49.
Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W / m 2 by the size of the sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian . ( However, the radiance at the centre of the sun's disk is somewhat higher than the average over the whole disk due to limb darkening . ) Multiplying this by ? gives an upper limit to the irradiance which can be focused on a surface using mirrors : 48.5 MW / m 2.
50.
In terms of total absolute power sensitivity, Denton and Pirenne in the Journal of Physiology in 1954 found that for diffuse, extended sources i . e . a relatively large ( ~ 45 degree wide source, as viewed by the subject ) frosted glass aperture, and a long ( 5 second ) observation and decision time, the human eye could begin to reliably distinguish the lit from unlit glass at a power level of approximately 7.6 x 10 " 14 watts / steradian-cm 2 at the eye for green ( 510 nm ) light.
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