But Dr . Brigid Hogan of Vanderbilt University, a member of the working group, said that only the fertilized egg and cells from stages preceding the blastocyst, or pre-implantation embryo, are now regarded as totipotent.
42.
Driesch's findings brought about the adoption of the terms " totipotent " and " pluripotent " cell, referring respectively to a cell that can generate every cell in an organism and one that can generate nearly every cell.
43.
Stem cells resembling totipotent blastomeres from 2-cell stage embryos can arise spontaneously in the embryonic stem cell cultures and also can be induced to arise more frequently in vitro through down-regulation of the chromatin assembly activity of CAF-1.
44.
In the first hours after fertilization, this zygote divides into identical totipotent cells, which can later develop into any of the three germ layers of a human ( endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm ), into cells of the cytotrophoblast layer or syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta.
45.
Conversely, pro-biotech witnesses argued that the stem cells in the experiments were only " pluripotent " ( capable of forming many tissues ), not " totipotent " ( capable of forming an entire body ), and therefore weren't organisms or embryos.
46.
The scientists from the University of Newcastle have also reported successful freezing and thawing ( cryopreservation ) of totipotent amphibian embryonic cells, which along with sperm cryopreservation provides the essential " proof of concept " for the use of cryostorage as a genome bank for threatened amphibians and also other animals.
47.
Since embryogenic cells were considered totipotent cells based on their ability to regenerate or develop into an embryo under given conditions, dedifferentiated cells were generally regarded as stem cells of plant : " & we propose to extend the concept of stem cells to include embryogenic stem cells that arise from plant somatic cells.
48.
Dr . Kevin T . Fitzgerald, a geneticist and Jesuit priest at Loyola University Medical School, said that if the human stem cells are totipotent, " then you are disputing the viability of life, and we are back to the question of how to justify destroying life for the purposes of scientific advancement ."
49.
:: well, i'm not sure that conjoined twins are split later on, so much as twins which have fused later on . the requirement for splitting the embryo is that it must happen early enough so that each cell is totipotent i . e . can take off and start an embryo on its own . this is a handy property for lab tinkering; you take an early embryo, gently take the cells apart, and you have a bunch of identical embryos . repeat as desired . according to our talk ) 15 : 53, 11 November 2008 ( UTC)
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