1. In literary Udmurt, the gerund in the instrumental case is preferred. 2. Old English had an instrumental case , but not a locative or prepositional. 3. In the instrumental case , the object is declined, but no preposition is added. 4. The instrumental case (-) was also treated as a case in Dum�zil ( 1975 ). 5. In the plural, most feminine nouns had identical forms for the dative and the instrumental case . 6. Vestiges of the instrumental case may remain in adverbial forms ending in "- ". 7. Therefore, the instrumental case merged with the dative in the plural and the accusative in the singular. 8. The instrumental case is always identical to the accusative in the singular and to the dative in the plural. 9. A number of clitics are used to mark agreement with nouns, including clitics for definiteness / deixis and accusative and instrumental case ). 10. In Russian, the comitative is marked by adding a preposition " s " and by declining the companion in the instrumental case .
