1. Roughened nuptial pads on the male's hands aid in retaining grip. 2. Breeding males have dark nuptial pads on their thumbs. 3. They have acute hearing but no vocal sac, and also lack nuptial pads . 4. The males have a type-I nuptial pad ; the prepollex is concealed. 5. Males of this species develop nuptial pads on their thumb bases during the breeding season. 6. Male " Micrixalus herrei " have a single vocal sac and a nuptial pad on the first finger. 7. The males have a type-I nuptial pad ; the prepollex stands out at the base of the first finger. 8. The males develop black, rough nuptial pads on their thumbs during the breeding season, which occurs during spring through to late summer. 9. During breeding season, the males develop ridge-like nuptial pads ( black in color ) on their fingers to aid in grasping the female. 10. Both genera also have dorsal skin composed of small, flat, pliable ( not keratinized ) warts, and lack nuptial pads in adult males.
