Sphaerotheriida also are subject to internal parasitism, and several species of nematodes are obligate parasites of particular species of giant pill millipedes.
12.
Described by German botanist Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth in 1833, the genus contains some species that are obligate parasites of pteridophytes and angiosperms.
13.
"P . cubensis " is an obligate parasite or biotroph, meaning that it requires live host tissue in order to survive and reproduce.
14.
Many behaviors induced by obligate parasites to complete their lifecycles are examples of adaptive manipulation because of their clear relationship to parasite fitness.
15.
This genus includes " Chrysomya bezziana " and " Chrysomya putoria ", both of which are obligate parasites of mammals and cause myiasis.
16.
Among the Vespidae family, " Vespula austriaca " is an example of an obligate parasite; its common host is " Vespula acadica ".
17.
All species of this genus are obligate parasites of insects, and some are used as biological control agents for the control of pest insects.
18.
Some, however, including the tuberculosis and the leprosy organisms, appear to be obligate parasites and are not found as free-living members of the genus.
19.
These obligate parasites infect the developing wasp larvae in the nest and are present within the abdomens of female wasps when they hatch out.
20.
Because " O . aegyptiaca " is an obligate parasite it is found only in association with the crops it attacks, especially irrigated crops.
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