Extended versions of COBOL also provide pointer variables declared with USAGE IS POINTER clauses.
2.
The values of such pointer variables are established and modified using SET and SET ADDRESS statements.
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However, this technique will not clear other pointer variables which may contain a copy of the pointer.
4.
C # also allows the programmer to disable the normal type-checking and other safety features of the pointer variables.
5.
Thus, despite this apparent equivalence between array and pointer variables, there is still a distinction to be made between them.
6.
Some extended versions of COBOL also provide PROCEDURE-POINTER variables, which are capable of storing the addresses of executable code.
7.
Because they are typically unchecked, a pointer variable can be made to point to any arbitrary location, which can cause undesirable effects.
8.
As pointer variables are usually of a fixed size ( e . g ., most desktop computers have pointers 64 bits long ), and they are numeric, they can be swapped quickly using XOR swap.
9.
Other measures may also be taken ( such as validation & bounds checking, to verify the contents of the pointer variable contain a value that is both a valid memory address and within the numerical range that the processor is capable of addressing ).
10.
In appropriate contexts in source code, such as for assigning to a pointer variable, a " null pointer constant " can be written as 0, with or without explicit casting to a pointer type, or as the NULL macro defined by several standard headers.
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