1. Addicted individuals show deficits in orbitofrontal, striatal , and thalamic regions. 2. D 2 receptors inhibit striatal neurons in the inhibitory pathway. 3. Secretoneurin also stimulates dopamine release from the central striatal neurons and basal ganglia. 4. Both impulsivity and compulsivity are driven by dysfunctional cortico-striatal neural circuits. 5. Similar to the direct pathway, the indirect pathway is regulated by striatal dopamine. 6. Huntington's disease ( HD ) is a polyglutamine cerebral and striatal neurodegeneration. 7. In another study, it was shown to significantly reduce striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. 8. The authors suggested that fronto-striatal abnormalities related to HIV may underlie these impairments. 9. One proposed model for mania suggests that hyperactive fronto-striatal reward circuits result in manic symptoms. 10. The ventral striatal MSNs play a key role in motivation, reward, reinforcement, and aversion.
