perissodactyla sentence in Hindi
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- A recent study by Zhang et al . places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to the clade Perissodactyla ( which includes horses and other odd-toed ungulates ).
- However, the first phylogenomic analysis of bats shows that they are not sisters to Perissodactyla, instead they are sisters to a larger group that includes ungulates and carnivores.
- The alignment of hyopsodontids and phenacodontids to Perissodactyla in general suggests an older Laurasian origin and distribution for the clade, dispersed across the northern continents already in the early Paleocene.
- However, a posterior study shows that, while anthracobunids are definite perissodactyls, desmostylians share the same amount of characters necessary for either Paenungulata or Perissodactyla, making their former assessment as afrotheres a possibility.
- The studies conflicted in terms of the exact placement of Chiroptera, however, with it being linked most closely to groups such as Eulipotyphla, Ferae or with Perissodactyla and Ferae in the Pegasoferae proposal.
- Molecular genetic findings suggest the formation of a sister taxon of the Perissodactyla, Cetartiodactyla, which includes the cloven ( Artiodactyla ) and whales ( Cetacea ); together, the two groups form the Euungulata.
- "' Ferungulata "'is a traditional clade within the extant Carnivora, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla as well as Tubulidentata and a superorder, Paenungulata, plus a number of orders known only as fossils.
- The presence of the sister group of perissodactyls in western India near or before the time of its collision with Asia, suggests that Perissodactyla may have originated on the Indian Plate during its final drift toward Asia.
- "' Tethytheria "'is a clade of mammals that includes the sirenians and proboscideans, as well as the extinct orders Desmostylia and Embrithopoda ( desmostylians, however, have been placed in Perissodactyla by a 2014 cladistic analysis ).
- According to recent studies ( reflected in the diagram below ), the closest relatives of Ferae are Perissodactyla ( horses, tapirs, and rhinos ) and Cetartiodactyla ( which combines Artiodactyla camels, pigs, ruminants and hippos with Cetacea whales and dolphins ).
- Proboscidea and Sirenia are linked together based on auditory characters in their petrosal bones, but this link may be a homoplasy . ( The Early Eocene family Anthracobunidae has been considered to be a sister group of Tethytheria, but has more recently been assigned to Perissodactyla .)
- Advocates of this newer system redefine Ferungulata as a clade within Laurasiatheria, comprising the larger portion of the former Ferungulata and including'true'ungulates ( Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla ), whales and Carnivora, with the addition of pangolins ( Pholidota ), but excluding Tubulidentata and paenungulates.
- A 2007 study by Mendoza and Palmqvist compared the habitats and diets of 134 species of living ungulates, for which this data is known, both Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla, against " 32 craniodental measurements " to discover what correlations exist for the group studied and to test hypotheses concerning hypsodonty and mode of life.
- Desmostylia, together with Sirenia and Proboscidea ( and possibly Embrithopoda ), have traditionally been assigned to the afrotherian clade Tethytheria, a group named after the paleoocean 2014 cladistic analysis that places anthracobunids and desmostylians, two major groups of putative non-African afrotheres, close to each other within the laurasiatherian order Perissodactyla.
- This arrangement closely resembles the crown pattern of early perissodactyls, but the strong conules ( cusps ) and some other characters suggest relationship to phenacolophids " and added that " " Radinskya " may be the sister taxon of all other Altungulata or may be closer to the origin of Perissodactyla than is any phenacodontid ."
- To the surprise of the authors, their data led them to propose a clade that includes bats ( order Chiroptera ), carnivores such as cats and dogs ( order Carnivora ), horses and other odd-toed ungulates ( order Perissodactyla ) and pangolins ( order Pholidota ) as springing from a single evolutionary origin within the mammals.
- The exact position of Perissodactyla remains less certain, with some studies linking it with Ferae into a proposed clade Zooamata while others unite it with Cetartiodactyla into Euungulata, a clade of'true ungulates'; Zhou et al . found better ( but not full ) support for the latter, while Nery et al . found Perissodactyla to be sister to Carnivora.
- The exact position of Perissodactyla remains less certain, with some studies linking it with Ferae into a proposed clade Zooamata while others unite it with Cetartiodactyla into Euungulata, a clade of'true ungulates'; Zhou et al . found better ( but not full ) support for the latter, while Nery et al . found Perissodactyla to be sister to Carnivora.
- In 1884, Othniel Charles Marsh ( 1831 1899 ) came up with the concept " Mesaxonia ", which he used for what are today called the odd-toed ungulates, including their extinct relatives, but explicitly excluding the hyrax . " Mesaxonia " is now considered a synonym of " Perissodactyla ", but it was sometimes also used for the true odd-toed ungulates as a subcategory ( rhinos, horses, tapirs ), while " Perissodactyla " stood for the entire order, including the hyrax.
- In 1884, Othniel Charles Marsh ( 1831 1899 ) came up with the concept " Mesaxonia ", which he used for what are today called the odd-toed ungulates, including their extinct relatives, but explicitly excluding the hyrax . " Mesaxonia " is now considered a synonym of " Perissodactyla ", but it was sometimes also used for the true odd-toed ungulates as a subcategory ( rhinos, horses, tapirs ), while " Perissodactyla " stood for the entire order, including the hyrax.
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