secondary electron sentence in Hindi
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- The surface of cold cathodes can emit secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity ( breakdown ).
- Where V _ \ mathrm { b } is the breakdown potential in volts Secondary Electron Emission Coefficient.
- Faraday cups are used e . g . in mass spectrometers being an alternative to secondary electron multipliers.
- X-rays generate secondary electrons as in the cases of extreme ultraviolet lithography and electron beam lithography.
- It may also be related to secondary electron or process-related edge blur from closer neighboring line ends.
- These plots include : orbital motion limited theory, photoemission, secondary electron emission, and secondary ion emission.
- Hence, it is important to recognize the significant contribution of secondary electrons to the spread of the energy deposition.
- Cold cathodes rely on field electron emission or secondary electron emission from positive ion bombardment and do not require heating.
- Advanced surface interactions can be modeled, including user-defined secondary electron emission, sputtering, and surface charging.
- Instead, cytochrome b559 could participate in a secondary electron transport pathway that helps protect PSII from photo-damage.
- The aerial images were corrected for the estimated flare ( which would include any long-range secondary electron blur ).
- The high-pressure region around the sample in the ESEM neutralizes charge and provides an amplification of the secondary electron signal.
- As t increases, the voltage goes above the breakdown voltage and secondary electron-hole pairs are produced by impact ionization.
- Compared to an SEM, the secondary electron yield is quite high, allowing for imaging with currents as low as 1 femtoamp.
- The range of low-energy secondary electrons is sometimes larger than the range of primary photo-electrons or of Auger electrons.
- As runaway electrons gain energy from an electric field, they occasionally collide with atoms in the material, knocking off secondary electrons.
- The streak spectrogram confirms the existence of individual attosecond pulses, measures their length, and determines when a secondary electron is produced.
- For negative corona, instead, the dominant process generating secondary electrons is the photoelectric effect, from the surface of the electrode itself.
- In this case, the number of secondary electrons emitted per incident particle is called "'secondary emission yield " '.
- The impact of a single electron on the dynode releases a number of secondary electrons which are in turn accelerated to strike the second dynode.
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