The flow is decomposed into mean quantities and turbulent fluctuations.
2.
Turbulent fluctuations are dominated by low frequency components, with higher frequency components having less influence.
3.
The latter is excited by the acoustic source terms, which are determined from the turbulent fluctuations.
4.
While the mean values are taken as predictable variables determined by dynamics laws, the turbulent fluctuations are regarded as stochastic variables.
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For these particles, vertical drag forces due to turbulent fluctuations in the fluid are similar in magnitude to the weight of the particle.
6.
Any cross-correlation function is useful only in case of qualitative difference between signals and for creating the difference in this case turbulent fluctuations are used.
7.
This results in the left hand side also being of order one, which in turn give us a velocity scale for the turbulent fluctuations ( as seen above ):
8.
Further upgrades have been performed such that the wind profile exhibits cross-axis correlation ( turbulent fluctuations in one component being somehow connected to turbulent fluctuations in another ).
9.
Further upgrades have been performed such that the wind profile exhibits cross-axis correlation ( turbulent fluctuations in one component being somehow connected to turbulent fluctuations in another ).
10.
The decomposition of the prognostic variables into a mean quantity and a turbulent fluctuation leads to additional stress terms in the governing equations to account for the non-resolved processes both in time and space.
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