1. The dynein in the axoneme forms bridges between neighbouring microtubule doublets. 2. Radial spokes are T-shaped structures present inside the axoneme . 3. The radial spoke is another protein complex of the axoneme . 4. They also have a heteromorphic pair of central microtubules in the anterior axoneme . 5. Basal body serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules. 6. Activation promotes basal body trafficking, docking at the apical membrane and subsequent axoneme growth. 7. Besides the microtubules, the axoneme contains many proteins and protein complexes necessary for its function. 8. Each dynein molecule thus forms a cross-bridge between two adjacent microtubules of the ciliary axoneme . 9. Undulipodia are an extension of the cell membrane containing both cytoplasm and a regular arrangement of microtubules known as an axoneme . 10. In testicular sperm, the defect was only rarely observed, suggesting that instability of a normally formed axoneme occurred during sperm maturation.
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