1. Blood vessels and nerves reach the cardiac muscle from the epicardium . 2. The surgical removing of the epicardium is referred to as epicardiectomy. 3. Adults have also been found in nodules on the epicardium of the heart. 4. The epicardium is largely made of connective tissue and functions as a protective layer. 5. Then mesothelial cells form the pericardium and migrate to form most of the epicardium . 6. Initially ICDs were implanted via thoracotomy with defibrillator patches applied to the epicardium or pericardium. 7. The epicardium is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper ( the myocardium ). 8. The foramen ovale, an atrial septal defect, or inflammation of the right atrial epicardium . 9. They found differences in the response of epicardium and endocardium to a variety of drugs and neurotransmitters. 10. The heart wall is made up of three layers : the inner endocardium, middle myocardium and outer epicardium .
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