Acetylcholine is sensed by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on extrafusal muscle fibers, causing their contraction.
2.
Each alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by it make up a motor unit.
3.
Extrafusal muscle fibers can be generated in vitro ( in a dish ) from pluripotent stem cells through directed differentiation.
4.
Muscle spindles are encapsulated by connective tissue, and are aligned parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers, unlike Golgi tendon organs, which are oriented in series.
5.
Thus, while motor efference commands to the facial muscles remain intact, sensory afference from extrafusal muscle fibers, and possibly intrafusal muscle fibers, is diminished.
6.
Diseases that impair signaling between ?-MNs and extrafusal muscle fibers, namely diseases of the neuromuscular junction have similar signs to those that occur with ?-MN disease.
7.
Because ?-MNs provide the only voluntary innervation to extrafusal muscle fibers, losing ?-MNs effectively severs the connection between the brainstem and spinal cord and the muscles they innervate.
8.
The secondary nerve association involves an efferent and afferent pathway that measure the stress and strain placed on the muscle ( usually the extrafusal fibers connected from the muscle portion to a bone ).
9.
Like other neurons, ?-MNs send axonal projections to reach their target extrafusal muscle fibers via axon guidance, a process regulated in part by neurotrophic factors released by target muscle fibers.
10.
However, with alpha gamma co-activation where both alpha neurons and gamma neurons are present, muscle fibers with the muscle spindles are pulled parallel to the extrafusal contraction causing the muscle movement.
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