More broadly, balanced opposition means the Middle East lacks abstract principles by which to measure actions “against general criteria, irrespective of the affiliation of particular actors.” Instead, intense particularism requires a family member to support a closer relative against a farther one, regardless of who may be at fault. Tribesmen and subjects, not citizens, populate the region. That most Middle Easterners retain this us-versus-them mentality dooms universalism, the rule of law, and constitutionalism. Trapped by these ancient patterns, Salzman writes, Middle Eastern societies “perform poorly by most social, cultural, economic, and political criteria.” As the region fails to modernize, it falls steadily further behind. इसके साथ ही इजरायल को समाप्त करने के युद्ध और अधिक सामान्य रूप से इस्लाम की खूनी सीमायें और गैर मुसलमानों के प्रति व्यापक शत्रुता भी आती है ।
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