1. Pleiotropic genes act as an arbitrating force in speciation.2. Until the recent discovery of the Late Miocene fossil depository known as pleiotropic evolution. 3. OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the interleukin 6 group of cytokines. 4. Hfq mediates its pleiotropic effects through several mechanisms. 5. As a pleiotropic cytokine, it plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. 6. Pleiotropic interactions ( where one gene may influence multiple traits ) is another likely mechanism.7. IL-10 is a cytokine with multiple, pleiotropic , effects in immunoregulation and inflammation. 8. Likewise, pleiotropic gene's stabilizing selection allows for the allele frequency to be altered. 9. The loci of these pleiotropic toolkit genes have large, complicated and modular cis-regulatory elements. 10. Statins have major pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive effects besides the cholesterol reduction effect.
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