In practice, particles with pseudorapidity above a certain threshold cannot be measured since they are too nearly parallel to the beamline and can thus pass through the detector.
2.
The acceptance of the ALICE Muon Spectrometer covers the pseudorapidity interval 2.5 d " ? d " 4 and the resonances can be detected down to zero transverse momentum.
3.
The angle between the particle's trajectory and the detector's beam axis ( or more precisely the pseudorapidity ) and its angle within the perpendicular plane are both measured to within roughly 0.025 radians.
4.
More specialised detectors do not necessarily have a hermetic construction; for example, LHCb covers only the forward ( high-pseudorapidity ) region, because this corresponds to the phase space region of greatest interest to its physics program.
5.
Often, the rapidity term in this expression is replaced by pseudorapidity, yielding a definition with purely angular quantities : \ Delta R \ equiv \ sqrt { \ left ( \ Delta \ eta \ right ) ^ { 2 } + \ left ( \ Delta \ phi \ right ) ^ { 2 } }, which is Lorentz invariant if the involved particles are massless.
6.
In hadron collider physics, the rapidity ( or pseudorapidity ) is preferred over the polar angle \ theta because, loosely speaking, particle production is constant as a function of rapidity, and because " differences " in rapidity are partons carry different longitudinal momentum fractions " x ", which means that the rest frames of the parton-parton collisions will have different longitudinal boosts.
7.
This limit on the pseudorapidity ranges which can be observed forms part of the " acceptance " of the detector ( i . e . the range of phase space which it is able to observe ); broadly speaking, the main design objective of a hermetic detector is to maximise acceptance, i . e . to ensure that the detector is able to measure as large a phase space region as possible.
8.
The proton lead ( pPb ) collisions in 2013, two years after its heavy-ion collisions opened a new chapter in exploration of the properties of the deconfined, chirally symmetrical state of the QGP . A surprising near-side, long-range ( elongated in pseudorapidity ) correlation, forming a ridge-like structure observed in high-multiplicity pp collisions, was also found in high-multiplicity pPb collisions, but with a much larger amplitude ( ).
9.
Such detectors are called " seals; the name " 4? detector " comes from the fact that such detectors are designed to cover nearly all of the 4? steradians of solid angle around the interaction point; in terms of the standard coordinate system used in collider physics, this is equivalent to coverage of the entire range of azimuthal angle (-\ pi \ leq \ phi \ leq \ pi ) and pseudorapidity ( | \ eta | \ geq 0 ).
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