11. Goyden s is typically about 6m wide and 25m high vadose canyon with small phreatic passage at the top. 12. Groundwater recharge, which is an important process that refills aquifers, generally occurs through the vadose zone from precipitation. 13. This capillary action is the " upward movement of water through the vadose zone " ( Coduto, 266 ). 14. The caves and the vadose speleothem were reflooded and became hydraulically reactivated as rising sea levels also raised the water table. 15. Flow rates and chemical reactions in the vadose zone also control whether, where, and how fast contaminants enter groundwater supplies. 16. Understanding of vadose -zone processes is therefore crucial in determining the amount and quality of groundwater that is available for human use. 17. The finite water-content vadose zone flux method is derived from the same starting point as the derivation of Richards'equation. 18. The vadose zone does not include the area that is still saturated above the water table, often referred to as the capillary fringe. 19. Following the infilling process a vadose trench has been cut the length of the passage revealing that the mud is formed of thin laminations. 20. This is primarily due to the surface tension of pore water in voids throughout the vadose zone causing a suction effect on surrounding particles.
