21. AMPK activates autophagy by directly and indirectly activating ULK1. 22. The roles of autophagy in neurodegeneration and immune defense also received considerable attention. 23. In 2003, the first Gordon conference on autophagy was held at Waterville. 24. These therapies have shown that autophagy increases in a dose-dependent manner. 25. Microbes that become trapped in these septin cages are broken down by autophagy . 26. AMPK is a protein kinase that begins a phosphorylation cascade leading to autophagy . 27. Autophagy can prolong cellular survival during low energy conditions.28. The importance of the nuclear functions of autophagy proteins should not be underestimated. 29. Atg32 is not necessary for other forms of autophagy . 30. ATG13 is an autophagy factor required for phagosome formation.
