During initial clinical studies in 1961, the average time to emergence after discontinuation of methoxyflurane was 59 minutes after administration of methoxyflurane for an average duration of 87 minutes.
22.
During initial clinical studies in 1961, the average time to emergence after discontinuation of methoxyflurane was 59 minutes after administration of methoxyflurane for an average duration of 87 minutes.
23.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health maintains a recommended exposure limit for methoxyflurane as waste anesthetic gas of 2 ppm ( 13.5 mg / m 3 ) over 60 minutes.
24.
Miller's research during the Manhattan Project also included the first chemical synthesis of methoxyflurane, a halogenated ether that was in clinical use as an inhalational anesthetic from 1960 until around 1974.
25.
In 1966, Crandell and colleagues reported a series in which 17 / 95 ( 18 % ) of patients developed an unusual type of nephropathy after operations in which methoxyflurane was used as a general anesthetic.
26.
Highlighting the impact of inhalation anaesthetic metabolism and toxicity in the era 1970-1990, his key paper with Richard Mazze on methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity was also in the top 100 most cited papers over the past 60 years.
27.
Partly because of these warnings, but also because of the development of newer volatile anesthetics such as enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane, the clinical use of methoxyflurane as a general anesthetic in humans was largely abandoned in the mid-1970s.
28.
Examples of modern volatile anaesthetics that may be considered sleeping gases are halothane vapour ( Fluothane ), methyl propyl ether ( Neothyl ), methoxyflurane ( Penthrane ), and the undisclosed fentanyl derivative delivery system used by the FSB in the Moscow theater hostage crisis.
29.
The authors showed that subclinical nephrotoxicity occurred following methoxyflurane at minimum alveolar concentration ( MAC ) for 2.5 to 3 hours ( 2.5 to 3 MAC hours ), while overt toxicity was present in all patients at dosages greater than five MAC hours.
30.
Based on the findings of these and other studies in the early 1970s, the current consensus is that the use of methoxyflurane should be restricted only to healthy individuals, in situations where it offers specific advantages and even then, only at dosages less than 2.5 MAC hours.
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