CXCR3 has been implicated in the following diseases, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune myasthenia gravis, nephrotoxic nephritis, acute cardiac allograft rejection and possibly Celiac Disease.
32.
In essence, the reputation of vancomycin as a nephrotoxin is overstated, and it has not been demonstrated that maintaining vancomycin serum levels within certain ranges will prevent its nephrotoxic effects, when they do occur.
33.
CT angiography is also highly accurate in evaluation vertebrobasilar vessels, but ionizing radiation and use of nephrotoxic contrast media make it less suitable both in elderly with renal insufficiency and young adults because of radiation exposure.
34.
Vancomycin has traditionally been considered a nephrotoxic and ototoxic drug, based on observations by early investigators of elevated serum levels in renally impaired patients who had experienced ototoxicity, and subsequently through case reports in the medical literature.
35.
Hence, the more accurate "'Glomerular filtration rate "'or its approximation of the "'creatinine clearance "'is measured whenever renal disease is suspected or careful dosing of nephrotoxic drugs is required.
36.
Advances made in the treatment of other diseases ( e . g ., sepsis and bone marrow transplant ( BMT ) ) have placed more patients at risk of nephrotoxic therapies and medication leading to a spike in secondary AKI ( mentioned above ).
37.
It is being replaced by computed tomography angiography ( CTA ), which can produce 3D images through a test which is less invasive and stressful for the patient, and magnetic resonance angiography ( MRA ), which avoids ionizing radiation and nephrotoxic contrast agents.
38.
There is space for further investigation, e . g . : Leptospirosis has been suggested as a possible contributing factor and oceanic nephrotoxic algae or agents have also been brought to the chart of possibilities as a culprit for this unusual form of kidney damage.
39.
The integrity of the liposome is disrupted when it binds to the fungal cell wall, but is not affected by the mammalian cell membrane, so the association with liposomes decreases the exposure of the kidneys to amphotericin B, which explains its less nephrotoxic effects.
40.
While waiting for a renal expert, I'd suggest adding the following facts to the article : [ 1 ] oligouric renal failure = low output renal failure; non-oligouric renal failure = high output renal failure, with the usual amount of urine output qualifying as high output to be 400-600 ml / day . [ 2 ] changes in urine output do not correlate well with changes in GFR . [ 3 ] about 50-60 % of all causes of ARF are nonoliguric . [ 4 ] the amount of urine produced may help to indicate the cause of renal failure ( though these are only indications ) [ 4a ] anuria, in which 400 ml / day of urine, may suggest acute interstitial nephritis, acute glomerulonephritis, partial obstructive nephropathy, nephrotoxic and ischemic ATN, radiocontrast-induced ARF, or rhabdomyolysis .-Nunh-huh 20 : 23, 4 April 2008 ( UTC)
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