1. He also continues work on evolution of butterfly-ant symbioses . 2. Other plant chitinases may be required for creating fungal symbioses . 3. Linguistic studies uncovered pre-literate symbioses and mutual influences between different peoples. 4. Non-Western traditions have also distinguished variants or symbioses of these states. 5. The obligate and facultative ant symbioses and the effect of mutualisms on biotic communities. 6. The role of cleaning symbioses has been debated by biologists for over thirty years. 7. In these symbioses , ants provide protection against arthropod predators in exchange for food secretions. 8. In some cases, they live in symbioses with unrelated animals, such as crustaceans. 9. In this theory, EcM symbioses evolved in relatively productive ecosystems, such as ancestral trait. 10. Some soil bacteria have been shown to have beneficial effects upon the establishment of ectomycorrhizal symbioses .
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