The term " umlaut " is also used in a different sense to refer to a type of vowel gradation.
2.
In the first three pairs of vowels, Bomhard is attempting to specify the subphonemic variation involved, inasmuch as that variation led to some of the vowel gradation ( ablaut ) and vowel harmony patterning found in various daughter languages.
3.
German verbs may be classified as either " weak ", if they form their past tense with a dental consonant inflection, or " strong ", if they exhibit a vowel gradation ( strong verbs as irregular.
4.
In the following table, an acute accent ( ?) marks the syllable carrying the word stress; a macron ( ?) marks long vowels and the syllable in "'bold "'is the one illustrating the different vowel gradations.
5.
Ablaut is the oldest and most extensive single source of vowel gradation in the Indo-European languages and must be distinguished clearly from other forms of gradation, which developed later, such as Germanic historical linguists prefer to keep'ablaut'for the specific Indo-European phenomenon, which is the meaning intended by the linguists who first coined the word.
6.
Germanic umlaut, as covered in this article, does not include other historical vowel phenomena that operated in the history of the Germanic languages such as Germanic a-mutation and the various language-specific processes of u-mutation, as well as the earlier Indo-European ablaut ( " vowel gradation " ), which is observable in the declension of Germanic strong verbs such as " sing / sang / sung ".
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