Dennett thinks adaptationism is, in fact, the best way of uncovering constraints.
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Pan-adaptationism is another matter.
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Adaptationism is sometimes characterized by critics as an unsubstantiated assumption that all or most traits are " just-so stories ".
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A functional characteristic is known as an adaptation, and the research strategy for investigating whether a character is adaptive is known as adaptationism.
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Gould also called the claims of " Selfish Gene " " strict adaptationism ", " ultra-Darwinism ", and " Darwinian fundamentalism ", describing them as excessively " reductionist ".
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In " Darwin's Dangerous Idea ", Dennett showed himself even more willing than Dawkins to defend adaptationism in print, devoting an entire chapter to a criticism of the ideas of Gould.
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Lewontin has said that his more general, technical criticism of adaptationism grew out of his recognition that the fallacies of sociobiology reflect fundamentally flawed assumptions of adaptiveness of all traits in much of the modern evolutionary synthesis.
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However, the increased focus on genes did not mean a focus on molecular evolution; in fact, the adaptationism promoted by Williams and other evolutionary theories further marginalized the apparently non-adaptive changes studied by molecular evolutionists.
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Dennett states that Fodor's discussion of Gould and Lewontin s spandrel argument misrepresents that argument, stating " that far from suggesting an alternative to adaptationism, the very concept of a spandrel depends on there being adaptations ".
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The possible origin of higher organisms through endosymbiosis, and contrasting approaches to molecular evolution in the neutral theory ( which made genetic drift a key factor ) spawned perennial debates over the proper balance of adaptationism and contingency in evolutionary theory.
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