Both the medial and lateral habenula show reduced volume in those with depression.
2.
New research suggests that lateral habenula may play a crucial role in decision making.
3.
Reward information to the lateral habenula comes from the internal part of the globus pallidus.
4.
The habenula was traditionally divided into lateral ( limbic ) and medial ( motor ) parts.
5.
Input to the medial habenula comes from a variety of regions and carries a number of different chemicals.
6.
These cells accompany neurites at the habenula perforata, the opening through which neurites extend to innervate hair cells.
7.
Species that possess a photoreceptive parapineal organ show asymmetry in the epithalmus at the habenula, to the left ( dorsal ).
8.
Recent evidence suggests that neurons in the lateral habenula signal signed information-prediction errors in addition to signed reward-prediction errors.
9.
The medial habenula sends outputs of glutamate, substance P and acetylcholine to the periaqueductal gray via the interpeduncular nucleus as well as to the pineal gland.
10.
The habenula receives input from the brain via the stria medullaris thalami and outputs to many midbrain areas involved in releasing neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
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